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CC BY 4.0 · Avicenna J Med 2025; 15(02): 064-073
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809621
Review Article

Efficacy and Safety of Biological Agents in Giant Cell Arteritis: An Updated Meta-Analysis

Abdul Haseeb 
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Fabiha Athar
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Hussain Abbas
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Najia Sadiq
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Faiza Naz
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Erum Siddiqui
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Osaid Ahmed
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Umer Wamiq
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Syed Ahmed Abbas Wasi
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Hafsa Shuja
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Bilal Aheed
2   Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Muhammad Ashir Shafique 
1   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
,
Amna Sohail
3   Department of Medicine, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
› Author Affiliations
Funding None.
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Abstract

Background

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), impacting individuals over 50, causes vision loss, headaches, and jaw pain due to inflammation from proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Standard treatment involves glucocorticoids, with tocilizumab and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors currently being studied.

Method

This meta-analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, included adult GCA patients treated with biological agents. The search covered PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus until October 2023, excluding nonhuman, pediatric, non-English, and nonrandomized studies. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4, with random effects models calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Result

A meta-analysis of 11 studies (n = 924) demonstrated higher remission rates with biological agents (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.17–5.71; p = 0.02; I 2 = 70%), especially tocilizumab (OR = 4.30, 95% CI: 1.22–15.21; p = 0.02). Nonsignificant trends favored biological agents for relapse rates (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.26–1.05; p = 0.07) and control for adverse effects (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.49–1.02; p = 0.07). However, TNF inhibitors were linked to increased infection rates (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.17–4.96; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Tocilizumab effectively induces remission in GCA patients, while abatacept and TNF inhibitors offer minimal benefits with increased infection risks, according to this meta-analysis. Treatment decisions should consider these factors, and larger studies are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of biological agents in managing GCA.

Keywords

giant cell arteritis - biological agent - efficacy - remission - adverse effect - meta-analysis

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

None.


Consent for Publication

All authors mutually agreed for publication.


Availability of Data and Material

None.


Authors' Contributions

A.H. did the conceptualization. A.H. and H.A. conducted the literature search and screening. Data extraction was done by U.W. and O.A. Drafting of the manuscript and writing was done by A.H., S.A.A.W., E.S., F.A., N.S., H.S., A.S., and F.N. A.H. did the statistical analysis. F.A. and M.A.S. performed the editing. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Article published online:
19 June 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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