Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www-thieme-connect-de.accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000012.xml
Download PDF
Endoscopy 2011; 43(5): 445-461
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256317
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256317
Guidelines
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline
Further Information
Publication History
submitted 15 December 2010
accepted after revision 21 December 2010
Publication Date:
04 May 2011 (online)
With the increasing use of antiplatelet agents (APA), their management during the periendoscopic period has become a more common and more difficult problem. The increase in use is due to the availability of new drugs and the widespread use of drug-eluting coronary stents. Acute coronary syndromes can occur when APA therapy is withheld for noncardiovascular interventions. Guidelines about APA management during the periendoscopic period are traditionally based on assessments of the procedure-related risk of bleeding and the risk of thrombosis if APA are stopped. New data allow better assessment of these risks, of the necessary duration of APA discontinuation before endoscopy, of the use of alternative procedures (mostly for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP]), and of endoscopic methods that can be used to prevent bleeding (following colonic polypectomy). This guideline makes graded, evidence-based, recommendations for the management of APA for all currently performed endoscopic procedures. A short summary and two Tables are included for quick reference.
References
- 1 van Werkum J W, Heestermans A A, Zomer A C et al. Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53 1399-1409
- 2 Kolh P, Wijns W, Danchin N et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2010; 31 2501-2555
- 3 Montalescot G, Hulot J-S, Collet J-P. Stent thrombosis: who’s guilty?. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30 2685-2688
- 4 Dumonceau J, Riphaus A, Aparicio J et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Eur JAnaesthesiol. 2010; 27 1016-1030
- 5 Harbour R, Miller J. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001; 323 334-336
- 6 Fleisher L A, Beckman J A, Brown K A et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery) developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50 1707-1732
- 7 Bhatt D L, Scheiman J, Abraham N S et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2008; 118 1894-1909
- 8 Wiviott S D, Braunwald E, McCabe C H et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 2001-2015
- 9 Coccheri S. Antiplatelet drugs – do we need new options? With a reappraisal of direct thromboxane inhibitors. Drugs. 2010; 70 887-908
- 10 Macrae F A, Tan K G, Williams C B. Towards safer colonoscopy: a report on the complications of 5000 diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopies. Gut. 1983; 24 376-383
- 11 Rogers B H, Silvis S E, Nebel O T et al. Complications of flexible fiberoptic colonoscopy and polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1975; 22 73-77
- 12 Vu C K, Korman M G, Bejer I, Davis S. Gastrointestinal bleeding after cold biopsy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93 1141-1143
- 13 Wexner S D, Garbus J E, Singh J J. SAGES Colonoscopy Study Outcomes Group . A prospective analysis of 13,580 colonoscopies. Reevaluation of credentialing guidelines. Surg Endosc. 2001; 15 251-261
- 14 Dumortier J, Napoleon B, Hedelius F et al. Unsedated transnasal EGD in daily practice: results with 1100 consecutive patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 57 198-204
- 15 Maffei M, Dumortier J, Dumonceau J-M. Self-training in unsedated transnasal EGD by endoscopists competent in standard peroral EGD: prospective assessment of the learning curve. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008; 67 410-418
- 16 Basson M D, Panzini L, Palmer R H. Effect of nabumetone and aspirin on colonic mucosal bleeding time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 15 539-542
- 17 O’Laughlin J C, Hoftiezer J W, Mahoney J P, Ivey K J. Does aspirin prolong bleeding from gastric biopsies in man?. Gastrointest Endosc. 1981; 27 1-5
- 18 Whitson M J, Dikman A E, von Althann C et al. Is gastroduodenal biopsy safe in patients receiving aspirin and clopidogrel?: a prospective, randomized study involving 630 biopsies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; [In press] DOI: DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181eb5efd
- 19 Yao M D, von Rosenvinge E C, Groden C, Mannon P J. Multiple endoscopic biopsies in research subjects: safety results from a National Institutes of Health series. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 69 906-910
- 20 Anderson M A, Ben-Menachem T, Gan S I et al. Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70 1060-1070
- 21 Veitch A M, Baglin T P, Gershlick A H et al. Guidelines for the management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. Gut. 2008; 57 1322-1329
- 22 Heldwein W, Dollhopf M, Rösch T et al. The Munich Polypectomy Study (MUPS): prospective analysis of complications and risk factors in 4000 colonic snare polypectomies. Endoscopy. 2005; 37 1116-1122
- 23 Sawhney M S, Salfiti N, Nelson D B et al. Risk factors for severe delayed postpolypectomy bleeding. Endoscopy. 2008; 40 115-119
- 24 Kim H S, Kim T I, Kim W H et al. Risk factors for immediate postpolypectomy bleeding of the colon: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101 1333-1341
- 25 Watabe H, Yamaji Y, Okamoto M et al. Risk assessment for delayed hemorrhagic complication of colonic polypectomy: polyp-related factors and patient-related factors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 64 73-78
- 26 Rabeneck L, Paszat L F, Hilsden R J et al. Bleeding and perforation after outpatient colonoscopy and their risk factors in usual clinical practice. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135 1899-1906 1906.e1891
- 27 Consolo P, Luigiano C, Strangio G et al. Efficacy, risk factors and complications of endoscopic polypectomy: ten year experience at a single center. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14 2364-2369
- 28 Dobrowolski S, Dobosz M, Babicki A et al. Prophylactic submucosal saline-adrenaline injection in colonoscopic polypectomy: prospective randomized study. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18 990-993
- 29 Lee S-H, Chung I-K, Kim S-J et al. Comparison of postpolypectomy bleeding between epinephrine and saline submucosal injection for large colon polyps by conventional polypectomy: a prospective randomized, multicenter study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 2973-2977
- 30 Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Narahara H et al. Endoscopic resection of large pedunculated colorectal polyps using a detachable snare. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 44 594-597
- 31 Di Giorgio P, De Luca L, Calcagno G et al. Detachable snare versus epinephrine injection in the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding: a randomized and controlled study. Endoscopy. 2004; 36 860-863
- 32 Kouklakis G, Mpoumponaris A, Gatopoulou A et al. Endoscopic resection of large pedunculated colonic polyps and risk of postpolypectomy bleeding with adrenaline injection versus endoloop and hemoclip: a prospective, randomized study. Surg Endosc. 2009; 23 2732-2737
- 33 Paspatis G A, Paraskeva K, Theodoropoulou A et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of adrenaline injection in combination with detachable snare versus adrenaline injection alone in the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding in large colonic polyps. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101 2805-2809
- 34 Lee C K, Lee S-H, Park J-Y et al. Prophylactic argon plasma coagulation ablation does not decrease delayed postpolypectomy bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70 353-361
- 35 Swan M P, Bourke M J, Alexander S et al. Large refractory colonic polyps: is it time to change our practice? A prospective study of the clinical and economic impact of a tertiary referral colonic mucosal resection and polypectomy service (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70 1128-1136
- 36 Rey J F, Beilenhoff U, Neumann C S, Dumonceau J M. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline: the use of electrosurgical units. Endoscopy. 2010; 42 764-772
- 37 Van Gossum A, Cozzoli A, Adler M et al. Colonoscopic snare polypectomy: analysis of 1485 resections comparing two types of current. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992; 38 472-475
- 38 Shiffman M L, Farrel M T, Yee Y S. Risk of bleeding after endoscopic biopsy or polypectomy in patients taking aspirin or other NSAIDS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994; 40 458-462
- 39 Yousfi M, Gostout C J, Baron T H et al. Postpolypectomy lower gastrointestinal bleeding: potential role of aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99 1785-1789
- 40 Hui A, Wong R, Ching J et al. Risk of colonoscopic polypectomy bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: analysis of 1657 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 59 44-48
- 41 Singh M, Mehta N, Murthy U K et al. Postpolypectomy bleeding in patients undergoing colonoscopy on uninterrupted clopidogrel therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71 998-1005
- 42 Friedland S, Leung C, Soetikno R M. Colonoscopy with polypectomy in patients taking clopidogrel. Gastroenterol Res. 2009; 2 209-212
- 43 Luigiano C, Ferrara F, Ghersi S et al. Endoclip-assisted resection of large pedunculated colorectal polyps: technical aspects and outcome. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55 1726-1731
- 44 Shioji K, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M et al. Prophylactic clip application does not decrease delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 57 691-694
- 45 Friedland S, Sedehi D, Soetikno R. Colonoscopic polypectomy in anticoagulated patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2009; 15 1973-1976
- 46 Soetikno R, Kaltenbach T, Yeh R, Gotoda T. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23 4490-4498
- 47 Heresbach D, Kornhauser R, Seyrig J A et al. A national survey of endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasia. Endoscopy. 2010; 42 806-813
- 48 Pech O, Behrens A, May A et al. Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2008; 57 1200-1206
- 49 Kim H-K, Chung W C, Lee B-I, Cho Y-S. Efficacy and long-term outcome of endoscopic treatment of sporadic nonampullary duodenal adenoma. Gut Liver. 2010; 4 373-377
- 50 Abbass R, Rigaux J, Al-Kawas F H. Nonampullary duodenal polyps: characteristics and endoscopic management. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71 754-759
- 51 Alexander S, Bourke M J, Williams S J et al. EMR of large, sessile, sporadic nonampullary duodenal adenomas: technical aspects and long-term outcome (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 69 66-73
- 52 Lépilliez V, Chemaly M, Ponchon T et al. Endoscopic resection of sporadic duodenal adenomas: an efficient technique with a substantial risk of delayed bleeding. Endoscopy. 2008; 40 806-810
- 53 Apel D, Jakobs R, Spiethoff A, Riemann J F. Follow-up after endoscopic snare resection of duodenal adenomas. Endoscopy. 2005; 37 444-448
- 54 Yamao T, Isomoto H, Kohno S et al. Endoscopic snare papillectomy with biliary and pancreatic stent placement for tumors of the major duodenal papilla. Surg Endosc. 2010; 24 119-124
- 55 Irani S, Arai A, Ayub K et al. Papillectomy for ampullary neoplasm: results of a single referral center over a 10-year period. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70 923-932
- 56 Katsinelos P, Paroutoglou G, Kountouras J et al. Safety and long-term follow-up of endoscopic snare excision of ampullary adenomas. Surg Endosc. 2006; 20 608-613
- 57 Cheng C-L, Sherman S, Fogel E L et al. Endoscopic snare papillectomy for tumors of the duodenal papillae. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 60 757-764
- 58 Norton I D, Gostout C J, Baron T H et al. Safety and outcome of endoscopic snare excision of the major duodenal papilla. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002; 56 239-243
- 59 Cao Y, Liao C, Tan A et al. Meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy. 2009; 41 751-757
- 60 Takizawa K, Oda I, Gotoda T et al. Routine coagulation of visible vessels may prevent delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection – an analysis of risk factors. Endoscopy. 2008; 40 179-183
- 61 Tsuji Y, Ohata K, Ito T et al. Risk factors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric lesions. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16 2913-2917
- 62 Jang J S, Choi S R, Graham D Y et al. Risk factors for immediate and delayed bleeding associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009; 44 1370-1376
- 63 Mannen K, Tsunada S, Hara M et al. Risk factors for complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric tumors: analysis of 478 lesions. J Gastroenterol. 2010; 45 30-36
- 64 Okada K, Yamamoto Y, Kasuga A et al. Risk factors for delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm. Surg Endosc. 2010; [In press] DOI: DOI 10.1007/s00464–010–1137–4
- 65 Ono S, Fujishiro M, Niimi K et al. Technical feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in patients taking anti-coagulants or anti-platelet agents. Dig Liver Dis. 2009; 41 725-728
- 66 Freeman M L, Nelson D B, Sherman S et al. Complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335 909-918
- 67 Freeman M L. Understanding risk factors and avoiding complications with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2003; 5 145-153
- 68 Verma D, Kapadia A, Adler D G. Pure versus mixed electrosurgical current for endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy: a meta-analysis of adverse outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 66 283-290
- 69 Hussain N, Alsulaiman R, Burtin P et al. The safety of endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients receiving antiplatelet agents: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 25 579-584
- 70 Hui C-K, Lai K-C, Yuen M-F et al. Does withholding aspirin for one week reduce the risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 16 929-936
- 71 Attasaranya S, Cheon Y K, Vittal H et al. Large-diameter biliary orifice balloon dilation to aid in endoscopic bile duct stone removal: a multicenter series. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008; 67 1046-1052
- 72 Ersoz G, Tekesin O, Ozutemiz A O, Gunsar F. Biliary sphincterotomy plus dilation with a large balloon for bile duct stones that are difficult to extract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 57 156-159
- 73 Maydeo A, Bhandari S. Balloon sphincteroplasty for removing difficult bile duct stones. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 958-961
- 74 Minami A, Hirose S, Nomoto T, Hayakawa S. Small sphincterotomy combined with papillary dilation with large balloon permits retrieval of large stones without mechanical lithotripsy. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 2179-2182
- 75 Misra S P, Dwivedi M. Large-diameter balloon dilation after endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of difficult bile duct stones. Endoscopy. 2008; 40 209-213
- 76 Heo J H, Kang D H, Jung H J et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large-balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile-duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 66 720-726; quiz 768, 771
- 77 Baron T H, Harewood G C. Endoscopic balloon dilation of the biliary sphincter compared to endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones during ERCP: a metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99 1455-1460
- 78 Weinberg B M, Shindy W, Lo S. Endoscopic balloon sphincter dilation (sphincteroplasty) versus sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; CD004890
- 79 Disario J A, Freeman M L, Bjorkman D J et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation compared with sphincterotomy for extraction of bile duct stones. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127 1291-1299
- 80 Dumonceau J-M, Andriulli A, Deviere J et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline: prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2010; 42 503-515
- 81 Dumonceau J-M, Rigaux J, Kahaleh M et al. Prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a practice survey. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71 934-939
- 82 Artifon E LA, Sakai P, Ishioka S et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy before deployment of covered metal stent is associated with greater complication rate: a prospective randomized control trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008; 42 815-819
- 83 Hui C-K, Lai K-C, Yuen M-F et al. Does the addition of endoscopic sphincterotomy to stent insertion improve drainage of the bile duct in acute suppurative cholangitis?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 58 500-504
- 84 Bergman J J, Rauws E A, Tijssen J G. Biliary endoprostheses in elderly patients with endoscopically irretrievable common bile duct stones: report on 117 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995; 42 195-201
- 85 Chan A C, Ng E K, Chung S C et al. Common bile duct stones become smaller after endoscopic biliary stenting. Endoscopy. 1998; 30 356-359
- 86 Han J, Moon J H, Koo H C et al. Effect of biliary stenting combined with ursodeoxycholic acid and terpene treatment on retained common bile duct stones in elderly patients: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104 2418-2421
- 87 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Kajiyama M et al. Biliary stenting in the management of large or multiple common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71 1200-1203.e1202
- 88 Pisello F, Geraci G, Li Volsi F et al. Permanent stenting in “unextractable” common bile duct stones in high risk patients. A prospective randomized study comparing two different stents. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008; 393 857-863
- 89 Al-Haddad M, Wallace M B, Woodward T A et al. The safety of fine-needle aspiration guided by endoscopic ultrasound: a prospective study. Endoscopy. 2008; 40 204-208
- 90 Bentz J S, Kochman M L, Faigel D O et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided real-time fine-needle aspiration: clinicopathologic features of 60 patients. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998; 18 98-109
- 91 Mortensen M B, Fristrup C, Holm F S et al. Prospective evaluation of patient tolerability, satisfaction with patient information, and complications in endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2005; 37 146-153
- 92 Williams D B, Sahai A V, Aabakken L et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience. Gut. 1999; 44 720-726
- 93 Bournet B, Migueres I, Delacroix M et al. Early morbidity of endoscopic ultrasound: 13 years’ experience at a referral center. Endoscopy. 2006; 38 349-354
- 94 Wiersema M J, Vilmann P, Giovannini M et al. Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112 1087-1095
- 95 Kien-Fong Vu C, Chang F, Doig L, Meenan J. A prospective control study of the safety and cellular yield of EUS-guided FNA or Trucut biopsy in patients taking aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or prophylactic low molecular weight heparin. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 808-813
- 96 Varadarajulu S, Eloubeidi M A. Frequency and significance of acute intracystic hemorrhage during EUS-FNA of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 60 631-635
- 97 Brugge W R, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 1330-1336
- 98 Al-Haddad M, Gill K R, Raimondo M et al. Safety and efficacy of cytology brushings versus standard fine-needle aspiration in evaluating cystic pancreatic lesions: a controlled study. Endoscopy. 2010; 42 127-132
- 99 Bruno M, Bosco M, Carucci P et al. Preliminary experience with a new cytology brush in EUS-guided FNA. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70 1220-1224
- 100 Sendino O, Fernández-Esparrach G, Solé M et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided brushing increases cellular diagnosis of pancreatic cysts: A prospective study. Dig Liver Dis. 2010; [In press] DOI: DOI 10.1016/j.dld.2010.07.009
- 101 Thomas T, Bebb J, Mannath J et al. EUS-guided pancreatic cyst brushing: a comparative study in a tertiary referral centre. JOP. 2010; 11 163-169
- 102 Pereira-Lima J C, Ramires R P, Zamin I et al. Endoscopic dilation of benign esophageal strictures: report on 1043 procedures. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94 1497-1501
- 103 Raymondi R, Pereira-Lima J C, Valves A et al. Endoscopic dilation of benign esophageal strictures without fluoroscopy: experience of 2750 procedures. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008; 55 1342-1348
- 104 Polese L, Angriman I, Bonello E et al. Endoscopic dilation of benign esophageal strictures in a surgical unit: a report on 95 cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007; 17 477-481
- 105 Williams V A, Watson T J, Zhovtis S et al. Endoscopic and symptomatic assessment of anastomotic strictures following esophagectomy and cervical esophagogastrostomy. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22 1470-1476
- 106 Metman E H, Lagasse J P, d’Alteroche L et al. Risk factors for immediate complications after progressive pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94 1179-1185
- 107 Araujo S EA, Costa A F. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation of benign anastomotic strictures after oncologic anterior rectal resection: report on 24 cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2008; 18 565-568
- 108 Ajlouni Y, Iser J H, Gibson P R. Endoscopic balloon dilatation of intestinal strictures in Crohn’s disease: safe alternative to surgery. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22 486-490
- 109 Thomas-Gibson S, Brooker J C, Hayward C MM et al. Colonoscopic balloon dilation of Crohn’s strictures: a review of long-term outcomes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003; 15 485-488
- 110 Dear K L, Hunter J O. Colonoscopic hydrostatic balloon dilatation of Crohn’s strictures. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001; 33 315-318
- 111 Couckuyt H, Gevers A M, Coremans G et al. Efficacy and safety of hydrostatic balloon dilatation of ileocolonic Crohn’s strictures: a prospective longterm analysis. Gut. 1995; 36 577-580
- 112 Breysem Y, Janssens J F, Coremans G et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation of colonic and ileo-colonic Crohn’s strictures: long-term results. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992; 38 142-147
- 113 Blomberg B, Rolny P, Järnerot G. Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic strictures in Crohn’s disease. Endoscopy. 1991; 23 195-198
- 114 Nomura E, Takagi S, Kikuchi T et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation for Crohn’s strictures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006; 49 59-67
- 115 Sabaté J-M, Villarejo J, Bouhnik Y et al. Hydrostatic balloon dilatation of Crohn’s strictures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18 409-413
- 116 Suchan K L, Muldner A, Manegold B C. Endoscopic treatment of postoperative colorectal anastomotic strictures. Surg Endosc. 2003; 17 1110-1113
- 117 Khot U P, Lang A W, Murali K, Parker M C. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of colorectal stents. Br J Surg. 2002; 89 1096-1102
- 118 Dionigi G, Villa F, Rovera F et al. Colonic stenting for malignant disease: review of literature. Surg Oncol. 2007; 16 (Suppl. 1) S153-155
- 119 Sebastian S, Johnston S, Geoghegan T et al. Pooled analysis of the efficacy and safety of self-expanding metal stenting in malignant colorectal obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99 2051-2057
- 120 Athreya S, Moss J, Urquhart G et al. Colorectal stenting for colonic obstruction: the indications, complications, effectiveness and outcome – 5 year review. Eur J Radiol. 2006; 60 91-94
- 121 Repici A, Fregonese D, Costamagna G et al. Ultraflex precision colonic stent placement for palliation of malignant colonic obstruction: a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 66 920-927
- 122 Dormann A, Meisner S, Verin N, Wenk Lang A. Self-expanding metal stents for gastroduodenal malignancies: systematic review of their clinical effectiveness. Endoscopy. 2004; 36 543-550
- 123 Ramirez F C, Dennert B, Zierer S T, Sanowski R A. Esophageal self-expandable metallic stents – indications, practice, techniques, and complications: results of a national survey. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997; 45 360-364
- 124 Telford J J, Carr-Locke D L, Baron T H et al. Palliation of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction with the enteral Wallstent: outcomes from a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 60 916-920
- 125 Ruthmann O, Seitz A, Richter S et al. [Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Complications with and without anticoagulation]. Chirurg. 2010; 81 247-254
- 126 Coronel M, Banner K, Nannegari V et al. Does aspirin increase the risk of bleeding for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63 AB113
- 127 Richter J, Patrie J, Richter R et al. Use of high-dose aspirin or clopidogrel before or after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is not associated with post-procedural bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71 AB114
- 128 Gerson L B, Tokar J, Chiorean M et al. Complications associated with double balloon enteroscopy at nine US centers. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 7 1177-1182
- 129 Mensink P BF, Haringsma J, Kucharzik T et al. Complications of double-balloon enteroscopy: a multicenter survey. Endoscopy. 2007; 39 613-615
- 130 Buscaglia J M, Dunbar K B, Okolo P I et al. The spiral enteroscopy training initiative: results of a prospective study evaluating the Discovery SB overtube device during small bowel enteroscopy (with video). Endoscopy. 2009; 41 194-199
- 131 Piai G, Cipolletta L, Claar M et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of high-risk esophageal varices: results of a multicentric prospective controlled trial. Hepatology. 1988; 8 1495-1500
- 132 Schmitz R J, Sharma P, Badr A S et al. Incidence and management of esophageal stricture formation, ulcer bleeding, perforation, and massive hematoma formation from sclerotherapy versus band ligation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96 437-441
- 133 Baroncini D, Milandri G L, Borioni D et al. A prospective randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the elective treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Endoscopy. 1997; 29 235-240
- 134 Gimson A E, Ramage J K, Panos M Z et al. Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation versus injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices. Lancet. 1993; 342 391-394
- 135 Laine L, el-Newihi H M, Migikovsky B et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119 1-7
- 136 Lo G H, Lai K H, Cheng J S et al. A prospective, randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology. 1995; 22 466-471
- 137 Stiegmann G V, Goff J S, Michaletz-Onody P A et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices. N Engl J Med. 1992; 326 1527-1532
- 138 Vanbiervliet G, Giudicelli-Bornard S, Piche T et al. Predictive factors of bleeding related to post-banding ulcer following endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 32 225-232
- 139 Herrera S, Bordas J M, Llach J et al. The beneficial effects of argon plasma coagulation in the management of different types of gastric vascular ectasia lesions in patients admitted for GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008; 68 440-446
- 140 Kwan V, Bourke M J, Williams S J et al. Argon plasma coagulation in the management of symptomatic gastrointestinal vascular lesions: experience in 100 consecutive patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101 58-63
J.-M. DumonceauMD, PhD
Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Geneva University Hospitals
Rue Gabrielle-Perret Gentil 4
1211 Genève 14
Switzerland
Fax: +41-22-3729366
Email: jmdumonceau@hotmail.com